RESOURCES
Below is a collection of helpful online resources. Citations are in Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (full note).
Budget Resources
Budget of the United States (1921-2021)
Citation: United States. Bureau of the Budget and United States. Office of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government. 1921-2021. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/54.
White House Historical Tables, 1789-2027 | Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Citation: U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB). “Historical Tables” in the Budget of the United States Government. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office, 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/historical-tables/.
Common Budgetary Terms Explained | Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
Citation: Congressional Budget Office. “Common Budgetary Terms Explained.” CBO, December 2021. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57660.
Glossary | Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
Citation: Congressional Budget Office. “Glossary.” CBO, July 19, 2016. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/42904.
A Century and a Half of Federal Expenditures (book) by M. Slade Kendrick and Mark Wehle.
Citation: Kendrick, M. Slade, and Mark Wehle. A Century and a Half of Federal Expenditures. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1955. https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/century-and-half-federal-expenditures.
National Debt Resources
Historical Debt Outstanding (beginning January 1, 1790)
Citation: U.S. Treasury Department. “Historical Debt Outstanding.” Fiscal Data, October 1, 2021. https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/historical-debt-outstanding/historical-debt-outstanding.
Debt to the Penny (measured by the day, beginning April 1, 1993)
Citation: Bureau of the Fiscal Service, U.S. Treasury Department. “Debt to the Penny | Fiscal Data | U.S. Treasury.” Fiscal Data, June 4, 2021. https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/debt-to-the-penny/debt-to-the-penny.
Tax Resources
Highest Historical Income Tax Rates (1913-2022)
Citation: Tax Policy Center. "Highest Historical Marginal Income Tax Rates." Urban Institute; Brookings Institute, February 9, 2022. https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/historical-highest-marginal-income-tax-rates
Citation: Internal Revenue Service. “Historical Highlights of the IRS.” IRS, November 2, 2021. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/historical-highlights-of-the-irs.